Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is a complex and highly conserved pathway involved in regulating various cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. It plays a crucial role in development, tissue homeostasis, and immune responses. Dysregulation of TGF-β signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, and autoimmune disorders. Research in this area aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying TGF-β signaling and its implications for human health, with the ultimate goal of developing targeted therapies for TGF-β-related diseases.